固定污染源废气监测工况核查重点

在多年废气固定污染源监测工作经验的基础上,对装置和设施的生产运行状态（即工况）影响固定污染源监测结果质量的因素进行了分析和总结,提出了相关的工况核查重点及方法。     

燃煤电厂可凝结颗粒物的测试与排放

建立了固定源可凝结颗粒物(condensable particulate matter,CPM)采样-分析方法,开发了CPM采样配件,与EPA Method202方法进行比对后应用于燃煤电厂.结果表明燃煤电厂CPM排放均值为(21.2±3.5)mg·m-3,同步使用国标方法测得的FPM为(20.6±10.0)mg·m-3;高效除尘器可有效降低FPM的排放水平,但对CPM无太大影响.高效除尘改造后CPM对TPM的贡献将有所提高,应引起足够的重视.CPM中冷凝液贡献了68%,滤膜为32%,有机组分较少,为1%.     

贵州清水江流域丰水期水化学特征及离子来源分析

对清水江流域丰水期河水离子浓度及组成特征分析表明,流域水化学组成以Ca2+、HCO-3离子为主,其次为Mg2+、SO2-4;TDS均值213.96 mg·L-1,高于世界流域均值.根据海盐校正分析得出,研究区大气降水中海盐输入对流域水化学的贡献率为2.23%,低于世界河流均值3%.Gibbs图结合离子比值分析表明,流域水化学主要受碳酸盐岩风化影响,越往下游硅酸盐岩化学风化贡献越明显,碳酸和硫酸同时参与了流域岩石风化过程.离子来源分析表明,Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3离子主要来自于白云石、方解石等碳酸盐岩风化溶解,Na+、K+、Cl-主要来源于硅酸盐岩风化;SO2-4和NO-3主要来源于大气酸沉降和城镇废水输入.人为活动影响分析表明上游工矿企业活动对清水江流域水化学影响明显.     

岩溶地下河水中多环芳烃、脂肪酸分布特征及来源分析

为探究重庆青木关岩溶地下河水中多环芳烃(PAHs)和脂肪酸的含量组成、分布特征、来源及污染水平,2013年雨季和旱季分别于地下河中进行水样采集,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对水样中PAHs和脂肪酸的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,青木关地下河水中PAHs和脂肪酸的含量范围分别为77.3~702 ng·L~(-1)和3 302~45 254 ng·L~(-1).组成上,PAHs以2~3环为主,其比例高于90%,脂肪酸碳数范围为C10~C28,以饱和直链脂肪酸为主,其次为单不饱和脂肪酸.分布特征上,雨季:地下河水中各采样点PAHs的含量差异较小,脂肪酸的含量在入口、出露处和出口呈现依次降低的趋势,其中出露处和出口脂肪酸的含量较为接近;旱季:地下河水中PAHs含量在入口、出露处和出口呈现先降后升的趋势,脂肪酸含量在各采样点较为接近.总体上,地下河水中PAHs和脂肪酸的含量都表现为雨季显著高于旱季.来源分析表明,青木关地下河水中PAHs主要来源于该河流域煤和木材、农作物秸秆等生物质的燃烧;脂肪酸主要来自该河流域内硅藻、绿藻等水生藻类和细菌,其中以水生藻类的贡献占主导.地下河水受到PAHs中轻度污染,相对于旱季,雨季污染更严重.     

双级虚拟撞击采样器应用于固定污染源PM10和PM2.5排放测量

为贯彻落实《大气污染防治行动计划》,环境保护部指导各地开展大气污染源排放清单编制工作,其中包括固定源PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放清单.但目前国内尚无固定源PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)标准采样方法.本研究提出了适合我国固定源PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)测量的双级虚拟撞击采样方法,开发了相应的分级采样系统,并用该方法对各类固定源进行了现场测试.测试结果表明,所测试的煤粉炉电厂的烟囱入口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(0.93±0.03)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(1.13±0.11)mg·m~(-3).所测试的垃圾焚烧电厂的烟囱排放口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(3.3±0.65)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(6.9±0.86)mg·m~(-3).所测试的大型循环流化床发电厂的烟囱排放口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(0.59±0.04)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(1.12±0.16)mg·m~(-3).所测试的钢铁转炉的烟囱排放口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(0.15±0.04)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(0.43±0.15)mg·m~(-3).     

河南某市驾校地表灰尘多环芳烃组成、来源与健康风险

采集河南省某市29所驾校的地表灰尘样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定样品中16种优控PAHs含量,用终生致癌风险增量模型(ILCR)评价灰尘PAHs不同暴露情景下(情景1、2、3分别为驾校工作5 a、10 a和20 a)的健康风险,用比值法、成分谱法和主成分因子载荷法揭示PAHs来源.结果表明,驾校灰尘ΣPAHs含量在198.21~3 400.89μg·kg-1之间,平均908.72μg·kg-1.单体PAHs含量较高的是萘、菲、蒽、荧蒽,含量最低的是二苯并[a,h]蒽,低环PAHs占ΣPAHs的55.79%,高环占44.21%.3种情景下的平均健康风险为情景3(3.71×10-7)情景2(1.85×10-7)情景1(9.27×10-8),只有一个驾校(J11)在情景3存在潜在健康风险,其他情景下均无风险.皮肤接触灰尘是最主要的PAHs暴露途径,其占总风险的64.21%;其次是误食途径,占总风险的33.04%;吸入途径可忽略不计.驾校灰尘PAHs主要来源为化石燃料不完全燃烧源和混合源,农田区驾校灰尘PAHs的柴油/天然气动力车排放源、燃煤源和汽油车排放源贡献率分别为56.44%、26.55%和17.01%,工业区驾校混合源、汽油车和炼焦/燃煤排放源贡献率分别为76.26%、22.85%和0.89%,混合区驾校燃煤源、天然气/柴油动力车排放源和汽油车排放源的贡献率分别为45.57%、45.41%和9.02%.灰尘PAHs含量及健康风险与其周边环境、前期土地利用状况密切相关.     

2015年石家庄市采暖期一次重污染过程细颗粒物在线来源解析

近年来,我国北方采暖期的大气污染问题备受关注.以2015年11月24日至12月4日石家庄地区一次重污染过程为例,采用大气细颗粒物实时在线源解析技术,对不同时段细颗粒物来源解析结果和各类源粒径分布、重污染期间各类源的质谱特征,结合气象条件进行综合分析.结果表明：重污染期间主要污染物来源为燃煤、工业工艺、机动车尾气和二次无机源;低压、静稳条件和低空传输共同作用下,以燃煤及工业工艺源排放颗粒物为主的细颗粒物严重累积,二次转化加剧,导致此次重污染的发生;来自燃煤源的颗粒物以混合碳为主,工业工艺源以金属为主,机动车尾气源以元素碳和金属锰为主,纯二次无机源以二次无机离子为主,来自扬尘源的颗粒物以铝、钙、铁和硅酸盐为主,生物质燃烧源以左旋葡聚糖LEV为主,餐饮源以有机酸为特征信号;与重污染前后不同,八类源于重污染发生期间在整个粒径段呈现均匀分布状态.     

Comparison among model estimates of critical loads of acidic deposition using different sources and scales of input data

The critical load (CL) of acidic atmospheric deposition represents the load of acidity deposited from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface at which harmful acidification effects on sensitive biological receptors are thought to occur. In this study, the CL for forest soils was estimated for 27 watersheds throughout the United States using a steady-state mass balance approach based on both national and site-specific data and using different approaches for estimating base cation weathering. Results suggested that the scale and source of input data can have large effects on the calculated CL and that the most important parameter in the steady-state model used to estimate CL is base cation weathering. These results suggest that the data and approach used to estimate weathering must be robust if the calculated CL is to be useful for its intended purpose.     

Point‐Nonpoint Trading – Can It Work?1

Ribaudo, Marc O. and Jessica Gottlieb, 2011. Point‐Nonpoint Trading – Can It Work? Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):5‐14. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00454.x Abstract: Water quality trading between point and nonpoint sources is of great interest as an alternative to strict command and control regulations on point sources for achieving water quality goals. The expectation is that trading will reduce the costs of water quality protection, and may speed compliance. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has issued guidance to the States on developing point‐nonpoint trading programs, and United States Department of Agriculture is encouraging farmer participation. However, existing point‐nonpoint trading programs have resulted in very few trades. Supply side and demand side impediments seem to be preventing trades from occurring in most trading programs. These include uncertainty over the number of discharge allowances different management practices can produce, high transactions costs of identifying trading partners, baseline requirements that eliminate low‐cost credits, the reluctance of point sources to trade with unfamiliar agents, and the perception of some farmers that entering contracts with regulated point sources leads to greater scrutiny and potential future regulation. Many of these problems can be addressed through research and program design.     

Observations of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deposition During the Period of Algal Bloom Formation in Northern Lake Taihu,China

Cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu occurred at the end of April 2007 and had crucial impacts on the livelihood of millions of people living there. Excessive nutrients may promote bloom formation. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition appears to play an important role in algal bloom formation. Bulk deposition and rain water samples were collected respectively from May 1 to November 30, 2007, the period of optimal algal growth, to measure the bulk atmospheric deposition rate, wet deposition rate, and dry deposition rate for total nitrogen (TN; i.e., all species of nitrogen), and total phosphorus (TP; i.e., all species of phosphorus), in northern Lake Taihu, China. The trends of the bulk atmospheric deposition rate for TN and the wet deposition rate for TN showed double peaks during the observation period and distinct influence with plum rains and typhoons. Meanwhile, monthly bulk atmospheric deposition rates for TP showed little influence of annual precipitation. However, excessive rain may lead to high atmospheric N and P deposition rates. In bulk deposition samples, the average percentage of total dissolved nitrogen accounting for TN was 91.2% and changed little with time. However, the average percentage of total dissolved phosphorus accounting for TP was 65.6% and changed substantially with time. Annual bulk atmospheric deposition rates of TN and TP during 2007 in Lake Taihu were estimated to be 2,976 and 84 kg km⁻² a⁻¹, respectively. The results showed decreases of 34.4% and 78.7%, respectively, compared to 2002–2003. Annual bulk deposition load of TN for Lake Taihu was estimated at 6,958 t a⁻¹ in 2007 including 4,642 t a⁻¹ of wet deposition, lower than the values obtained in 2002–2003. This may be due to measures taken to save energy and emission control regulations in the Yangtze River Delta. Nevertheless, high atmospheric N and P deposition loads helped support cyanobacterial blooms in northern Lake Taihu during summer and autumn, the period of favorable algal growth.